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Woehrle, Tobias; Pfeiffer, Florian; Mandl, Maximilian M.; Sobtzick, Wolfgang; Heitzer, Jörg; Krstova, Alisa; Kamm, Luzie; Feuerecker, Matthias; Moser, Dominique; Klein, Matthias; Aulinger, Benedikt; Dolch, Michael; Boulesteix, Anne‐Laure; Lanz, Daniel; Choukér, Alexander (2024): Point‐of‐care breath sample analysis by semiconductor‐based E‐Nose technology discriminates non‐infected subjects from SARS‐CoV‐2 pneumonia patients: a multi‐analyst experiment. MedComm, 5 (11): e726. ISSN 2688-2663

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MedComm_-_2024_-_Woehrle_-_Point‐of‐care_breath_sample_analysis_by_semiconductor‐based_E‐Nose_technology_discriminates.pdf

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Abstract

Metal oxide sensor-based electronic nose (E-Nose) technology provides an easy to use method for breath analysis by detection of volatile organic compound (VOC)-induced changes of electrical conductivity. Resulting signal patterns are then analyzed by machine learning (ML) algorithms. This study aimed to establish breath analysis by E-Nose technology as a diagnostic tool for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pneumonia within a multi-analyst experiment. Breath samples of 126 subjects with (n = 63) or without SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia (n = 63) were collected using the ReCIVA® Breath Sampler, enriched and stored on Tenax sorption tubes, and analyzed using an E-Nose unit with 10 sensors. ML approaches were applied by three independent data analyst teams and included a wide range of classifiers, hyperparameters, training modes, and subsets of training data. Within the multi-analyst experiment, all teams successfully classified individuals as infected or uninfected with an averaged area under the curve (AUC) larger than 90% and misclassification error lower than 19%, and identified the same sensor as most relevant to classification success. This new method using VOC enrichment and E-Nose analysis combined with ML can yield results similar to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection and superior to point-of-care (POC) antigen testing. Reducing the sensor set to the most relevant sensor may prove interesting for developing targeted POC testing.

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